Introduction to SS-31
SS-31 (elamipretide, Bendavia) is a synthetic tetrapeptide Hazel Szeto developed at Cornell University. It concentrates selectively in the inner mitochondrial membrane, targeting cardiolipin directly. That intracellular mitochondrial mechanism distinguishes it from the cell surface receptor action of most research peptides.
⚠️ Research Use Only
All products sold by FenaLife are intended strictly for laboratory and academic research purposes. Not for human consumption, injection, or ingestion. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.
Cardiolipin – The Key to SS-31 Mechanism
Cardiolipin is a unique phospholipid almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It maintains cristae architecture, facilitates electron transport chain organization, and tethers cytochrome c. In dysfunctional mitochondria (ischemia, aging), cardiolipin undergoes peroxidation. SS-31 binds selectively to cardiolipin, protecting it from peroxidation.
SS-31 Cardiolipin-Mediated Effects
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Cardiolipin Protection
Binds selectively to cardiolipin, protecting it from oxidative peroxidation that disrupts mitochondrial function.
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Cytochrome c Retention
Maintains cytochrome c in its electron carrier role at the inner membrane, preventing pro-apoptotic release.
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Cristae Stabilization
Preserves cristae architecture – essential for efficient ATP synthesis by the respiratory chain.
ROS Reduction
Reduces mitochondrial ROS by maintaining efficient electron flow – not a classical antioxidant.
SS-31 Research Evidence by Application
Ischemia-reperfusion injury cardiacMost extensive – dramatic infarct size reduction
Heart failure animal modelsEjection fraction, cardiac energetics
Renal injury modelsAKI and CKD preclinical models
Aging and sarcopeniaCristae reversal in aged animals
SS-31 Storage and Reconstitution
1
Store lyophilized at -20 degrees C
Relatively stable. Protect from light.
2
Reconstitute in sterile water or PBS
Water-soluble. For cell culture, dilute in PBS or media.
3
Use at validated research concentrations
Wide range in published studies – review literature.
FenaLife supplies SS-31 10mg.
Conclusion
SS-31’s cardiolipin targeting puts it at the forefront of mitochondrial medicine research, with active investigation spanning cardiac, renal, and aging applications.
⚠️ Research Use Only
All products sold by FenaLife are intended strictly for laboratory and academic research purposes. Not for human consumption, injection, or ingestion. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.
Source SS-31 10mg at FenaLife
Research-grade, HPLC-verified purity. Fast shipping.